Perceptual Errors Essay - 763 Words

Perceptual Errors Perceptual Organization (1) #61607; Similarity is described as the tendency to group similar items. Similarity is much like stereotyping. Stereotyping is when someone judges another person on the perception of the group to which that person belongs. #61607; Proximity is described as the tendency to group elements that are close together. Implicit theories allow the presence of one characteristic to bring up a list of other characteristics that one would â€Å"think† goes with it. Implicit theories group elements that close together. #61607; Closure is the tendency to fill in the gaps in incomplete stimuli. A perception of people that apply to closure would be the Halo Effect. The halo effect allows one†¦show more content†¦When the proctor noticed the student looking around the room during the exam he was evaluating that students behavior with the behavior of the other students who were all looking down at their desks taking their exams. (CONTRAST) Later, when the proctor saw the student and his classmate talking to one another he assumed the two students were cheating. The proctor was selectively interpreting what he saw on the basis of his background and experience as a professor. (SELECTIVE PERCEPTION) When the proctor finally accused the student of cheating the proctor had no evidence †¦ he didn’t hear the students’ conversation or see the student looking at other’s exams. The professor judged the student on his perception of what was possible going on in a group of students during an exam. (STEREOTYPING) (3) An Example Of A Time That I Was Misperceived I am from Kansas City and moved to Salisbury a year ago. Well, when people would find out that I was from Kansas many thought that I must have lived on a farm, had never seen the ocean, that I must be unsophisticated and if I knew â€Å"Dorothy.† Much to everyone’s surprise I grew up in a big city and went to the beach every summer for vacation. I wasn’t the unsophisticated â€Å"hick† everyone thought. People who met me for the first time stereotyped me with their perceptions of the Midwest. There are a lot of farms in Kansas but I didn’t live on one. People also used selectiveShow MoreRelatedDynamic Systems Approach : Effect Of Prior Experience On Location Memory Throughout Development2889 Words   |  12 Pages and colleagues questioned Piaget’s A-not –B errors which happens when babies make errors when trying to remember where an object is hidden and revert to where they last remember the object being not at the current loca tion. Smith, Thelen, and colleagues believe it is more of a dynamic systems approach, than an error of stage IV of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development which is titled the object concept. Smith and colleagues believe that the error in the task mentioned above wasn t specific toRead MoreEssay on The Significance of Human Error in Aviation1799 Words   |  8 Pagesin human error associated mishaps in aviation have fail to match the decrease of disasters due to environmental and mechanical causes. Honestly, humans have been a growing cause in both military and commercial mishaps as automated equipment has become more dependable (Michael, 2009). Humans, by our very own nature, commit errors or mistakes; for that reason, it must come as no amazement that human fault has been involved in a range of industrial mishaps, including about 80% of human error in theRead MoreRobust Video Data Hiding Using Forbidden Zone Data Hiding and Selective Embedding6451 Words   |  26 Pagesorder to withstand frame drop and insert attacks. The proposed framework is tested by typical broadcast material against MPEG- 2, H.264 compression, frame-rate conversion attacks, as well as other well-known video data hiding methods. The decoding error values are reported for typical system parameters. The simulation results indicate that the framework can be successfully utilized in video data hiding applications. Index Terms—Data hiding, digital watermarking, forbidden zone data hiding, quantizationRead MoreThe Test Effectiveness For Breast Cancer2204 Words   |  9 Pagesmammograms routinely. Thus, such evidences either credits or discredits the suggestion that interpretive volume is associated with performance but rather with sensitivity and specificity. Perceptual error: Interpretation time Another factor that seems to determine radiologists’ accuracy is interpretation time. Prior perceptual studies have shown an association between interpretation time and accuracy. Nodine et al. (2002) uses the eye-head tracking device to measure experienced radiologists’ and trainees’Read MoreCase Study: Hy Dairies, Inc.†866 Words   |  4 Pagespresented the position to Beauport, she immediately drew false conclusions about the position as well as Gilman’s character without complete knowledge of the circumstance. In the following essay, we examine what occurred, what perceptual errors took place, and how these errors could have been prevented (Human Behavior in Organizations 372). When Syd Gilman approached Rochelle Beauport with the offer, Rochelle immediately jumped to the conclusion that she was being demoted from her current positionRead MoreMuller Lyer Final Lab Report Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesthe perceived adjustment error in the Muller-Lyer illusion. A test of Day’s (1989) Conflicting Cues Theory. Abstract The nature of visual illusions is hotly debated in the scientific literature, in search of a theory to explain how perceptual distortions arise upon daily interactions with the world. The present study provides the first direct test of Day’s (1989) Conflicting Cues theory to account for the Muller-Lyer illusion. Perceptual compromise was investigatedRead MoreCase Study Hy Dairies, Ltd Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesPromoted from the position of marketing research coordinator (Beauport) Female + Visible minority + Asst. brand manager + Joined Hy less than two years ago This is a typical social identity and stereotyping case and exposes issues of how perceptual errors can affect interpersonal relations and human resources practices in an organization. The organizational conflicts were stemmed from misperceptions by Gilman and Beauport who had entirely different background, personal characteristics and pastRead MoreIn Outlining the Central Elements of Schmidt’s Schema Theory of Motor Learning, Comment on How It Attempted to Deal with the Shortcomings of Previous Models of Motor Learning.1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent kinds of skills we use in everyday life. Adams’ theory was based on the premise of perceptual and memory traces. The perceptual trace is a memory of how an action felt in the past and is compared to how the action being performed now feels. It includes proprioceptive, visual and auditory information. The memory trace is how the action is initiated, and leads to the use of the perceptual trace. If this is true then how can actions be executed that have never been performed before. SchmidtRead MoreHy Diaries Inc899 Words   |  4 Pageswe define ourselves terms of our differences with people who belong to groups. People tend to homogenize others within social categories. Stereotypes developing from the grouping of traits. 2. What other perceptual error is apparent in this case study? The other perceptual error in this case study is the halo effect that can occurs when general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristics, dissorts our perception of other characteristics of that person. IfRead MoreHy Diaries Inc913 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine ourselves terms of our differences with people who belong to groups. People tend to homogenize others within social categories. Stereotypes developing from the grouping of traits. 2. What other perceptual error is apparent in this case study? The other perceptual error in this case study is the halo effect that can occurs when general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristics, dissorts our perception of other characteristics of that person. If

2001 dot-com Bubble its causes, effect, and lessons learnt Free Essays

Abstract This paper looks at the causes, effects, and lessons learnt from the 2001 dot-com bubble financial crisis. To support my statements I investigate a variety of sources, including recently published academic journals, newspaper articles, books, and market reports. I find that the so called â€Å"Get Big Fast† business model that many dot-com companies employed was fundamentally flawed, and after the bubble burst many companies have found it more beneficial to move to a more prudent model. We will write a custom essay sample on 2001 dot-com Bubble: its causes, effect, and lessons learnt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The dot-com bubble was a historic speculative bubble in the stock market which occurred in the years on 1995 to 2000. As an indicator of the bubble, the NASDAQ composite index is often quoted. The NASDAQ composite index rose from 751.49 to 5,132.52, a 682% increase, from January 1995 to March 2000 (Appendix A, B). In this work, I look at factors that may have caused the 2001 dot-com bubble to grow and then subsequently burst. I look into the role of the media, interest rates, venture capital, and finally the â€Å"Get Big Fast† business model. Next I look at the effect the 2001 dot-com bubble had on companies, considering measures of survival, levels of mergers and acquisitions, and changes in image to remove association with those times, but also on investor confidence. Finally, I look at what lessons may have been learnt from the dot-com era. Cause American publications such as Forbes and the Wall Street Journal encouraged the public to invest in risky companies despite many of the companies’ disregard for basic financial and even legal principles (Lowenstein, 2004). Buffett (2000) says â€Å"Equity investors currently seem wildly optimistic in their expectations about future returns.† However, not only can the media be argued to have caused the huge growth of investment, but it can, according to Niederhoffer and Kenner (2003), also be attributed to its demise. They speak in particular about Alan Green’s â€Å"irrational exuberance† speech in December 1996 setting of a chain of events that leads to an eventual â€Å"reaction against technology, optimism, and growth†. In reality, of course, no financial crisis can be sensibly attributed to just one cause. It is more likely instead to be a combination of many. For example, the low interest rate in 1998-99 has been said to have helped increase the start-up capital amounts and lead to increased venture capital being offered (Metrik, 2007). The coining of the â€Å"Get Big Fast† belief started during the dot-com era. The initial start-ups operated with a short-term loss business plan, insisting that by grabbing the market share and dominating their specific sectors they could then charge what they wanted at a later date. Recent research (Goldfarb, Kirsch and Miller, 2006) suggests that many companies would have had better success targeting smaller niche markets. In addition, they say that the â€Å"Get Big Fast† belief drove investor behaviour during the period leading to more stocks bought and companies became overpriced. So, as a combination of a number of factors, the bubble burst and the effects were widespread. Effect The effects of the bubble bursting were that several companies went bankrupt. An example is WorldCom who admitted to billions of dollars of accounting errors (Tran, M., 2002), and as a consequence the stock price fell so drastically they had to file for bankruptcy. Many other struggling companies became acquired or merged with other companies. Aharon et al. (2010) found that there was an increase in mergers and acquisitions during the dot-com bubble. Interestingly, they also found that the pricing of mergers and acquisitions did not change. Mintel (2010) states: â€Å"The investment bond market was badly hit by the bursting of the dot com bubble in the early noughties and has been in perpetual decline ever since – in 2002†. Many companies changed their names to remove any association as a dotcom company. Cooper et al. (2005) mention how during the bear market of the early 2000s â€Å"investors react positively to name changes for firms that remove dot.com from their name†. Lessons learnt Within the technology sector, Parsons (2012) argues that greater prudence is ensuring the â€Å"sector is financially solid and is currently the only one to have more cash on its balance sheet than debt†. There also seems to be an awareness of the damage to Initial Public Offerings by companies. Recent research (Pilbeam and Nagle, 2009) suggest that â€Å"the high-tech IPO market was dramatically affected by the Dot-Com Crash and that after the crash, the number of high-tech IPOs dropped considerably†. Many companies moved away from the â€Å"Get Big Fast† belief that epitomised the dotcom era, seeing that it was not sustainable as business model. Eventually these companies would have to start to a get the fundamentals right and turn in a profit. So many were being started too quickly, all with the business plan of monopolising their particular market place, which inevitably not everyone could succeed and many as a consequence folded. Berlin (2008) says â€Å"Many of the companies that survived the dot-com bust did so by ignoring the prevailing â€Å"Get Big Fast† business model†. He talks about research by David Kirsch and the Dot Com Archive that found that they referred â€Å"micro niches† which were markets that did not offer huge profits quickly, but instead presented viable internet-based business opportunities. Companies that had learnt from the dot-com bubble were not believing that life-altering changes would happen over-night. Many believe that lessons have not been learnt from the 2001 dot-com bubble financial crisis. Many think that we are in another social media bubble currently which has very analogous characteristics to the 2001 dot-com bubble (Vass, 2012; Foley, 2012). Conclusion In this essay I have looked at the cause, effect, and lessons learnt from the 2001 dot-com bubble financial crisis. The cause unsurprisingly does not seem to come down to one single factor. The media clearly played a large part in making investors over confident during the growth and then overly pessimistic leading to its eventual demise. However, I also found that an unsound business model of the time, â€Å"Get Big Fast†, played a major role too. I found evidence that more prudent business model based on modest profits had lead to the technology sector recovering. As always, history has a habit of repeating itself, and I also looked into the believe of some that lessons have not been learnt by Social Media companies and that we may be in another Social Media bubble right now with characteristics very similar to that of the dot-com crisis. Appendix: Line graph illustrating the 2001 dot-com bubble Figure 1: The close price of the NASDAQ Composite (Yahoo! ticker symbol ^IXIC) from 2nd January 1990 until the beginning of 2012. The graph clearly illustrates the 2001 dot-com bubble, where the value of the NASQAQ composite rises steeply up until its peak in February. Data is taken from Yahoo! Finance Historical Prices available at http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=^IXIC. Appendix: Table showing the extreme of the NASDAQ Composite price Table 1: Historical prices of the NASDAQ Composite (Yahoo! ticker symbol ^IXIC) at the start of its growth in 1995, to its peak in 2000, to its huge fall in 2002. Data is taken from Yahoo! Finance Historical Prices available at http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=^IXIC. References Aharon, D.Y., Gavious, I., Yosef, R., 2010. Stock market bubble effects on mergers and acquisitions. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50(4), pp.456-470. Buffett, W., 2000. Warren Buffet’s Letters to Berkshire Shareholders. Berkshire Hathaway Inc., 1 March Berlin, L., 2008. Lessons of Survival, From the Dot-Com Attic. The New York Times, 21 November. Cooper, M. J., Khorana, A., Osobov, I., Patel, A. and Rau, P.R. , 2005. Managerial Actions in Response to a Market Downturn: Valuation Effects of Name Changes in the Dot.com Decline. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11(1-2), pp. 319-335. Foley, S., 2012. Is the dot com bubble about to burstThe Independent, 4 August. Goldfarb, B.D., Kirsch, D., Miller, D., 2006. Was There Too Little Entry During the Dot Com EraRobert H. Smith School Research Paper No. RHS 06-029, 24 April. Lowenstein, R., 2004. Origins of the Crash: The Great Bubble and Its Undoing. New York: Penguin Press. Metrick, A., 2007. Venture Capital and the Finance of Innovation. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Mintel, 2010. Investment Bonds: Mintel marketing report. February 2010. London:Mintel International. Niederhoffer, V. And Kenner, L. 2003. Practical Speculation. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Parsons, A., 2012. Tech firms learn lessons of dotcom bubble. The Share Centre, 10 June. Pilbeam, K. and Nagle, F., 2009. High-Tech IPOs in the US, UK and Europe after the Dot-Com Bubble. International Journal of Financial Services Management, 4(1), pp.64-75. Tran, M., 2002. WorldCom accounting scandal. Guardian, 9 August. Vass, S., 2012. The new dotcom bubbleSunday Herald, 13 May. How to cite 2001 dot-com Bubble: its causes, effect, and lessons learnt, Essay examples

Future of the Retail Store for Nine Line Apparel -myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theFuture of the Retail Store for Nine Line Apparel. Answer: Nine Line Apparel real store has been operating online in order to get more customers. The manager of the real store explains how it has been difficult to adopt the e-platform for business operations. To make online operations effective, Nine Line Apparel had to change with changing technological business needs. Changing of business operations according to technological advancements made it possible to adopt more than 75% of customers to their online shopping platform. While adopting online business transactions, it was quite challenging to choose from various alternatives the best mode of operations which was best suited the real store (Stephens 2017, P. 56). The main two options which seemed viable for Nine Line Apparel are; desktop platform application or Mobile platform applications. Later, Nine Line Apparel business adopted both mobile application and desktop platforms since most of its customers had access to computers and mobile phones. Up to date, the real store has noticed a n increase on sales of 1.24% and 1% on both mobile and desktop platforms respectively. Besides, Nine Line Apparel reduced product bounce rate by 11% while increase in customer has hit 10,000. To make online stores more effective, Katawetawaraks Wang (2011, p. 67) focuses on online customer decision making process while comparing it with offline decision making. Though there is difference between the two, comparing the two alternative gives a clear implication on what influences online customer to buy the product or shun away from the product. After a thoughtful considerations, both offline and online purchasing had more attributes that are common. The only difference was on physical inspection and interaction of product before buying. When customer security is guaranteed, online purchasing attracts more customers than offline buying. This was mainly attributed with convenience in terms of buying and delivery. The article also focuses on factors that impedes online buying such as unsecured customer payments and slow shipping and poor technology infrastructure between customers and suppliers. Lastly, according to Katawetawaraks Wang (2011, p. 70), managers of retail store s have a responsibility to decide what has to be done to attract more customers. Managers should make sure there is trust between retail and customers, user friendly platform has been established and money back guarantee in cases product fails to meet customer satisfaction. Similarly, according to Bui Kemp (2013), online buying can be influence by other factors such as previous online experience, customer emotions and norms. Due to the nature and experience of shopping in regard to technological advancement, online retail business has changed and integrated many aspects. Online retailing has moved from just buying of product, it has to factor how customers get their product and if it meets their needs. The point of buying has to meet customer needs and security measures. This brings up an integrated model that incorporates different aspects that makes online customer feel satisfied and willing to come for more product (Klanten, Ehmann Borges 2013, P. 145). The article evaluates intensive aspect on various theories that influence online buying and positive correlation between customer norms, emotional response and repeat actions of online buying process. Bibliography Katawetawaraks, C Wang, C. 2011. Online Shopper Behavior: Influences of Online Shopping Decision. Asian Journal of Business Research Volume 1 Number 2 2011.pp. 66-72 Klanten, R., Ehmann, S., Borges, S. 2013. Brand spaces: branded architecture and the future of retail design. Berlin, Gestalten. M-y Bui Elyria Kemp. 2013. "E-tail emotion regulation: examining online hedonic product purchases. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 41 Iss: 2 pp. 155 170 Stephens, D. 2017. Reengineering retail: the future of selling in a post-digital world. Figure 1 Publishing.